Browsing Traditional Iranian architecture- Natural Lighting Components 1

Ancient Iranian architects have always had their specific style and talent in using natural light, in aesthetic and functional aspects of the building. It has been originated from a blend of earlier traditions, religious beliefs and ethics. On the other hand, the climate issues have always been an effective factor; except for some regions, Iran has hot, dry climate characteristic.

Here I am going to introduce some lighting elements in historical Iranian architecture in two main groups; “Openings” the elements which let the light into the building such as different types of windows and “light controllers”. Light controllers are those elements which would control the amount of sunlight entering the interior spaces of a building. For each function, I am going to discuss the relevant aesthetic and religious issues. At first I begin with introducing some light components in traditional Persian architecture: 

Figure 1- Shabbak

Shabbak (trellis windows) fg.1:  is a type of opening used in the exterior layer of the building such as corridors and courtyards. The glazing is usually protected by adobe bricks with a trellis pattern, sometimes there is no glass used in the opening. The house residents take advantage of the low light which is spread uniformly into the space and at the same time, a pleasant level of privacy; this type of windows made it possible to have an outside view without being seen. In dry, hot climates, this element works as a barrier for the sunlight helps with reducing the temperature by reflecting light with the surface of the brick. In this way, the interior side would be kept cool while it still has the access to the light.

Figure 3- Trellis door and window

Figure 2- Trellis door and window

Trellis door and windows (stained glass window)-(fg.2, 3): This element functions both as a window and door for the occupants, an openings with wooden trellis frames and usually glazed with colorful pieces of glass, facing a small private yard placed at the center of the building in harmony with its symmetry. Depending on the function of the space, it has different sizes, named after the number of the doors in a frame such as “se-dari” (triple-door).  In those climates with intense sunlight, these types of windows are used to satisfy the occupants with light, the scene and fresh air without disturbing their privacy. With this element, they also could enjoy the colorful interior lighting (Fg.2).

Browsing traditional architecture

According to a friend’s comment, I figured my previous post implied a sense of nostalgia. What I actually was trying to show is that I believe though we are coming up with new and great ideas and techniques in our modern world, we should not forget the lessons that previous generations learned during their struggle with nature to find a living style in harmony with their environment. My point is not to use their life style as a model but to integrate their concepts with new technologies. In spite of all the enthusiasm for developing products using new technologies, we have to pay attention to other aspects of human life.

I decided to start analyzing sustainability of historical buildings by introducing traditional Iranian architecture and buildings. I believe the solutions they have come up with are considerable from the viewpoint of sustainability. The reason is some of the historical urban though being constructed 100 to 200 years ago, are still lived in and responding to modern demands of its occupants.

`Figure 1 - Fahhadan Neighborhood, Yazd, Iran

The most amazing character about these historical urban, aside from individual building sustainable strategies, is the dynamic pattern the neighbor buildings create together which resembles the natural growth of a plant. It perfectly provides its various elements with their needs. Meaning, not only the buildings but the neighborhood and the whole region is sustainable. Safety is sometimes an issue in todays’ life, generally because some areas are deserted and urban is not working as a whole similar to its era.

Figure 2- A lighting and Ventilation Roof Element, Kashan, Iran

On the other hand, buildings are designed to use natural sunlight and ventilation. Building materials are locally provided and are reused or recyclable. Water is provided from subterranean. But as you might imagine, living in those types of buildings was not as comfortable as we are in our apartments. The level of comfort was much lower for those people, same as their expectations. But as I mentioned earlier, my impression is not to copy the exact solutions, but to generate ideas suitable for our time.