Ancient Iranian
architects have always had their specific style and talent in using natural
light, in aesthetic and functional aspects of the building. It has been
originated from a blend of earlier traditions, religious beliefs and ethics. On
the other hand, the climate issues have always been an effective factor; except
for some regions, Iran has hot, dry climate characteristic.
Here I am
going to introduce some lighting elements in historical Iranian architecture in
two main groups; “Openings” the elements which let the light into the building
such as different types of windows and “light controllers”. Light controllers
are those elements which would control the amount of sunlight entering the
interior spaces of a building. For each
function, I am going to discuss the relevant aesthetic and religious issues. At
first I begin with introducing some light components in traditional Persian
architecture:
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Figure 1- Shabbak
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Shabbak (trellis windows) fg.1: is a type of opening used in the exterior
layer of the building such as corridors and courtyards. The glazing is usually
protected by adobe bricks with a trellis pattern, sometimes there is no glass
used in the opening. The house residents take advantage of the low light which
is spread uniformly into the space and at the same time, a pleasant level of
privacy; this type of windows made it possible to have an outside view without
being seen. In dry, hot climates, this element works as a barrier for the
sunlight helps with reducing the temperature by reflecting light with the
surface of the brick. In this way, the interior side would be kept cool while
it still has the access to the light.
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Figure 3- Trellis door and window
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Figure 2- Trellis door and window
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Trellis door and windows
(stained glass window)-(fg.2, 3): This element functions both as a
window and door for the occupants, an openings with wooden trellis frames and usually
glazed with colorful pieces of glass, facing a small private yard placed at the
center of the building in harmony with its symmetry. Depending on the function
of the space, it has different sizes, named after the number of the doors in a frame
such as “se-dari” (triple-door). In
those climates with intense sunlight, these types of windows are used to
satisfy the occupants with light, the scene and fresh air without disturbing
their privacy. With this element, they also could enjoy the colorful interior
lighting (Fg.2).
It sounds like Iranians have been way ahead of their time. I find it to be very interesting how many green building ideas can be derived from building practices used for hundreds or even thousands of years. We think we are smart to allow more light and less heat into buildings with low-e glass, but shabbaks have been used for the same purpose for centuries. Daylighting controls such as motorized blinds may seem like new technology, but trellis doors and windows serve the same purpose. Energy and technology has definitely blinded us from simple solutions that can help the environment, and now we are finally rediscovering them.
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